Alexander the Great invades India
Battle of the Hydaspes River (326 BC):
India was part of the Persian Empire so he wanted to take it over. Although he did not know anything about these countries except subject to the Persian king.
But his desire to control the king of Persians was under him. In 327 BC, he moved his army to the Kabul plain after crossing the Hindu Kush mountains.
So he sent to the tribal leaders in Gandhara ordering them to appear before him and recognize his authority over their country. Some of them, led by Governor Omphis of Taxila, responded.
Alexander insisted on fighting the rest who refused to submit to him. In early 326 BC, Alexander was able to control Swat, Ora and Aornos, and these battles were characterized by ferocity for severe.
But his desire to control the king of Persians was under him. In 327 BC, he moved his army to the Kabul plain after crossing the Hindu Kush mountains.
So he sent to the tribal leaders in Gandhara ordering them to appear before him and recognize his authority over their country. Some of them, led by Governor Omphis of Taxila, responded.
Alexander insisted on fighting the rest who refused to submit to him. In early 326 BC, Alexander was able to control Swat, Ora and Aornos, and these battles were characterized by ferocity for severe.
Meanwhile, Alexander divided his forces into three divisions:
The first section is under his command, the second section is commanded by Commander Hephaston, and the third and final section is commanded by Commander Perdiccas.
The task of each of them was to capture a part of the Cophin Valley, which is the present Kabul region. Alexander arrived in western Pakistan and met with King Porus (Punjab) in a major battle known as the Battle of the Heidsps.
This battle was the toughest of Alexander's battles at all, and despite Alexander's victory, he incurred heavy losses in the army, due to the use of Porus The Greek elephants in the battle did not know this before, and in that battle Alexander lost his famous horse, Bukivalus.
On his kingdom after adding silencing Turn the other sections were not affiliated. Thus, within a region ruled by those far more away from Greece.
The task of each of them was to capture a part of the Cophin Valley, which is the present Kabul region. Alexander arrived in western Pakistan and met with King Porus (Punjab) in a major battle known as the Battle of the Heidsps.
This battle was the toughest of Alexander's battles at all, and despite Alexander's victory, he incurred heavy losses in the army, due to the use of Porus The Greek elephants in the battle did not know this before, and in that battle Alexander lost his famous horse, Bukivalus.
On his kingdom after adding silencing Turn the other sections were not affiliated. Thus, within a region ruled by those far more away from Greece.
After this victory, Alexander created two cities on both banks of the Jhelum River, the first of which was named Alexandria Nicaea and the second named Alexandria Bucaphala, in honor of his horse.
After the Indian king Porus became an ally of Alexander, Alexander wanted to continue his wars beyond the Ganges, to take over the Nanda Empire.
But his army was exhausted from the heavy fighting, because they fought in difficult climatic conditions that they had not been used to before.
So the army announced the rebellion against Alexander because they wanted to return, and Alexander rested his army for three days in order to persuade them to back away from that idea because he wanted to open new lands.
He fulfilled his dream of controlling the world until Mount Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar), but he found it difficult to persuade them.
But his army was exhausted from the heavy fighting, because they fought in difficult climatic conditions that they had not been used to before.
So the army announced the rebellion against Alexander because they wanted to return, and Alexander rested his army for three days in order to persuade them to back away from that idea because he wanted to open new lands.
He fulfilled his dream of controlling the world until Mount Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar), but he found it difficult to persuade them.
In 325 BC, Alexander agreed to return, and during the return he engaged in a major battle with the Mali people (the city of Multan) today.
He defeated the Malians in that battle, and Alexander besieged the fort of Malians, and because of the severity of the siege, he almost killed Alexander, as he took a ladder and climbed the fortress wall and received a dagger In his chest, it is rumored among the army that he was killed, but was rescued.
After that he ordered the preparation of a large fleet consisting of approximately eight hundred ships to transport the army across the Indus River to reach the Indian Ocean commanded by Nearchus.
As for the rest of the army, he walked by the river until he reached Kerman Province, south of Persia, led by his friend Karatiros, then to Babylon.
As for Alexander, he chose the shortest path, although it is the most difficult, and it is the Media Desert in southern Pakistan and Iran for two months until Alexander reached the city of Sousse in 324 BC. After being exposed to many dangers in that desert.
He defeated the Malians in that battle, and Alexander besieged the fort of Malians, and because of the severity of the siege, he almost killed Alexander, as he took a ladder and climbed the fortress wall and received a dagger In his chest, it is rumored among the army that he was killed, but was rescued.
After that he ordered the preparation of a large fleet consisting of approximately eight hundred ships to transport the army across the Indus River to reach the Indian Ocean commanded by Nearchus.
As for the rest of the army, he walked by the river until he reached Kerman Province, south of Persia, led by his friend Karatiros, then to Babylon.
As for Alexander, he chose the shortest path, although it is the most difficult, and it is the Media Desert in southern Pakistan and Iran for two months until Alexander reached the city of Sousse in 324 BC. After being exposed to many dangers in that desert.
The death of Alexander the Great 323 BC
In the year 324 BC, Alexander and his land forces arrived in Sousse, after his arrival, he discovered that many of the governors who appointed them had misbehaved in his absence, and he executed most of them to serve as an example to others.
He also paid the salaries owed to his soldiers, and announced that he would send veterans who were physically disabled to Macedonia under the leadership of Krateros.
But the soldiers rebelled against him, and they refused to return, so Alexander set up the appointment of several Persian officers in his army, and gave them Macedonian military titles, so the rebel soldiers asked for amnesty, and Alexander forgave them.
He also paid the salaries owed to his soldiers, and announced that he would send veterans who were physically disabled to Macedonia under the leadership of Krateros.
But the soldiers rebelled against him, and they refused to return, so Alexander set up the appointment of several Persian officers in his army, and gave them Macedonian military titles, so the rebel soldiers asked for amnesty, and Alexander forgave them.
On the other hand, Alexander ordered the holding of parties to try to end the gap between the Macedonians and the Persians.
He also ordered his senior officers to marry Persian princesses, and held a group wedding for them in Sousse, After that Alexander left Sousse to Babylon. And after the return, major celebrations were held.
Alexander married Stateira the daughter of King Darius III, and eighty of his pimps were married to Persia. During those celebrations, his friend Hephaston died of a fever, and he was very sad.
He also ordered his senior officers to marry Persian princesses, and held a group wedding for them in Sousse, After that Alexander left Sousse to Babylon. And after the return, major celebrations were held.
Alexander married Stateira the daughter of King Darius III, and eighty of his pimps were married to Persia. During those celebrations, his friend Hephaston died of a fever, and he was very sad.
On the other hand, Alexander set out to prepare a campaign for the Arab countries, which is the part that he did not seize, and was subject to the former Persian Empire. Because the Arabs did not send their embassy to him to declare loyalty to him.
He also wanted to reach Egypt by sea. So he sent an expedition that went out from the Persian Gulf to explore the eastern coast of the Gulf in order to reach and occupy the Arab countries, and the campaign reached the Bahrain Islands.
And Alexander annexed about twenty thousand Persian soldiers to the army in order to invade the Arab countries, but this led to a clash between the Macedonians and the Persians and the rebellion of the royal guard.
He also wanted to reach Egypt by sea. So he sent an expedition that went out from the Persian Gulf to explore the eastern coast of the Gulf in order to reach and occupy the Arab countries, and the campaign reached the Bahrain Islands.
And Alexander annexed about twenty thousand Persian soldiers to the army in order to invade the Arab countries, but this led to a clash between the Macedonians and the Persians and the rebellion of the royal guard.
In 323 B.C., Alexander held in Babylon twelve altars and made offerings to the gods for this victory.
He also engaged in his soldiers, where he referred to the inheritance his father left him and how he increased it, and explained to them his victory over the kings and rulers of the states, and he is like a god where there are no human beings to achieve such accomplishments, and thus Alexander became a deity or a human deity.
During the victory celebrations, Alexander fell ill with malaria, so the fever came and he continued to suffer from it until he passed away on June 11, 323 BC. His sudden death had a major impact on his pimps as he left a grand empire with vast sides and borders without an heir or successor to the throne.
By doing so, the empire was left in the hands of the army chiefs, who had fought a conflict that lasted for nearly half a century.
This struggle began from the first moment of Alexander’s death and was the beginning of the disintegration and collapse of his empire.
He also engaged in his soldiers, where he referred to the inheritance his father left him and how he increased it, and explained to them his victory over the kings and rulers of the states, and he is like a god where there are no human beings to achieve such accomplishments, and thus Alexander became a deity or a human deity.
During the victory celebrations, Alexander fell ill with malaria, so the fever came and he continued to suffer from it until he passed away on June 11, 323 BC. His sudden death had a major impact on his pimps as he left a grand empire with vast sides and borders without an heir or successor to the throne.
By doing so, the empire was left in the hands of the army chiefs, who had fought a conflict that lasted for nearly half a century.
This struggle began from the first moment of Alexander’s death and was the beginning of the disintegration and collapse of his empire.
Alexander died after a thirteen-year rule that he spent in uninterrupted wars since he took power in 336 BC.
Through which he managed to develop a comprehensive change of the features of the Greek world, forming a major empire that includes the property of the Persian Empire and the countries of Greece under the management of the Greeks and Macedonians, thereby paving the way for events that will occur in the Greek world in the next three centuries.
Through which he managed to develop a comprehensive change of the features of the Greek world, forming a major empire that includes the property of the Persian Empire and the countries of Greece under the management of the Greeks and Macedonians, thereby paving the way for events that will occur in the Greek world in the next three centuries.
We find that Alexander the Great during his campaign on the east met Persian leaders who treated them well as he treated Greek and Macedonian leaders, and Alexander married twice the first of Roxana the daughter of one of the princes of bacteria in 327 BC and the second of his marriage to the daughter of the Persian king in 324 BC led to the rapprochement between East and West.
Likewise, when Alexander reached Babylon after the end of his campaign in India, he intended to transform Babylon into an imperial capital and an important commercial and maritime center, and for this he took care of the Persian Gulf and facilitated the Babylon road to the sea, as he created a new city on the estuary of the Tigris River that he called Alexandria.
That city became an important commercial center and also established a large port for ship services with the aim of controlling the Persian Gulf and the Arab countries and while preparing for the campaign he passed away.
Likewise, when Alexander reached Babylon after the end of his campaign in India, he intended to transform Babylon into an imperial capital and an important commercial and maritime center, and for this he took care of the Persian Gulf and facilitated the Babylon road to the sea, as he created a new city on the estuary of the Tigris River that he called Alexandria.
That city became an important commercial center and also established a large port for ship services with the aim of controlling the Persian Gulf and the Arab countries and while preparing for the campaign he passed away.
Finally, the most important characteristic of the era of Alexander the Great was his establishment of Alexandria in Egypt, and its establishment of sixteen cities that took the same name, but Alexandria in Egypt gained great fame and the idea of building cities with Alexander encouraged the settlement movement in all parts of the empire.
The era of this great leader, who has become a legend traveling through time, ends with around eighty novels revolving around his sanctity and divinity.
The era of this great leader, who has become a legend traveling through time, ends with around eighty novels revolving around his sanctity and divinity.