The Egyptian houses
House shape:
The ancient Egyptian used to sanctify the place in which he lived, the place where the family was born, and the ancient Egyptian was keen that this house be equipped with all the amenities and safety, and the forms and contents of the houses varied according to the quality of the level of individuals that inhabit them and the classes they belong to.
The ancient Egyptian was living in a simple house that was careful, when building, to be suitable for the environment in which he lived. In the ancient Egyptian house, it is characterized by simplicity, practicality and performance of all purposes.
Home floor:
The floor of the rooms was covered with mats, the walls were covered with colored mats, and there were also wooden boxes to store clothes, jewelry and decorations, and the houses were lit with oil lamps and floated in the wick (like oilamp), and they were placed on high bases to use their light to the fullest extent possible, and the kitchen did not It has a basic building inside the house, but it was located in the courtyard of the house and in a place far from the noise and dust of the road, and the servants' housing was located in the wide courtyard of the house as there is a water well and an oven.
There were silos and stables for horses - pens for cattle and small workshops for various industries, as we see in a house (and in Ra) and a house (Mkraa), and there are also trees planted in mud-filled pits.
And there is an important element that plays an important role in the architecture of the house, which is wood. The Egyptian was at first to roof with palm trees, by splitting the palm trunks into two parts in length and stacking them so that the round surfaces are down like the shape in the celebration hall in the Temple of Djoser Temple, and wood was also used as columns to carry The ceilings and the doors were often made of wood with a back side, and a latch of bronze wood is used to transport it, and the doors were painted in bright colors with a layer of gravel that helps to hide defects in the wood, and the windows were also made of wood and there are other wooden elements such as stalls constructed Above the roofs in the garden of the house, some of the rooms are built entirely of wood for some purpose of living
Housing development:
Excavation revealed stages of architectural development since the civilizations of the Neolithic period and subsequent historical eras. For example, in the Marmada of Bani Salama there are three phases of urbanism: an old stage whose features were lost, and a second stage that indicated the remnants of their dwellings holes pegs that were supporting their sides and bearing their roof, then a third stage was It is modest oval dwellings, and this type was built by its owners from clay precincts, and another type built by them from the big woven and tree branches, and small incineration houses ranging from 1.5 m × 1 m, 3.2 m × 2 m, and its people entered them by going down there from the top to the degree A small mud grove of hippopotamus stem, and the housing system in the ashes, and Hermann Bunker believed it was the oldest custom layout of the villages.
The housing in the pre-dynastic era was constructed from the branches of trees and mud, so it was very simple, and it developed in the stage of stitching, so rectangular housing appeared and all the elements of the building were available from ceilings, doors and windows, divided into sections and provided stoves and warehouses with pots of pottery, and used minerals In the construction of housing with blocks of dried clay and non-carved stones, and this is an evolution of the art of construction, and the wooden legs were from the trees of the ideals, and they are often used in erecting structures and housing and carrying their ceilings, as the setting of the stove in the house had a certain direction according to the direction of the wind, so as not It causes any fires or losses in the house, and the forms of houses are semi-circular or oval, and some of them are rectangular in shape, and there is another type that was found engraved in the ground of the land to be descended to by steps, and in al-Mahasna it was found a square dwelling of clay, which is our only evidence of The presence of houses in Egypt in the ancient era, exporting graves and coffins as housing for the dead.
It is believed that the round huts that people inhabited before the families remained in rural areas and poor neighborhoods, and perhaps they used in cities rectangular dwellings built of milk or wood with low ceilings, and the condition of the houses varied in size and type according to the social status of the owner, and we note that the nobility houses reached a degree of Prosperity, as it contained bathrooms, toilets and separate wings for sleeping, in which comfortable furniture was found, and this prosperity is expressed in pictures on the walls of the tomb (sensory) where it was built in the early third family, and these pictures represent furniture and artifacts that were commonly used in the era Antique.
The ancient Egyptian architecture had its own style, as it was a building architecture with raw materials, and our evidence for the existence of houses despite the lack of existing models of palaces and houses that have ceased to exist as a result of their construction of clay and plant sticks that have decomposed as a result of groundwater and moisture in the soil, but there are some signs The hieroglyphs in the archaeological texts indicate the existence of houses and fortresses such as pr as well as the forms of coffins and terraces.
And found a rectangular house consisting of one room that ends with two windows of the braided mats in Umrah, and this quality continued even before the families and the first family, as planning was found for the house of Heraconpolis, which is a rectangle divided into rooms, stores, places dedicated to barns, stable, and houses of the old state, few of them Workers housing from the pyramid of Khafre in Giza.
The ancient Egyptian was keen since the Neolithic period to develop the arts of architecture and construction, and was keen on constructing two dwellings for him, one for habitation in the worldly life and the other for burial for life after death, and he developed in it until it became huge palaces and houses.
One of the dwellings that indicate luxury and the owner’s wealth is a model of a buried house, one of the eleventh family’s supervision in the central state, as it contained many models of toiletry and elegance, and it was attached to offices, factories, barns, and stores, in addition to what was employed by employees, followers, and makers, and what remained From a model of his private residence, a front side of the first floor that does not differ much from the first floors of modern villas, and from the annexes of the house or the role a model for a spinning and weaving factory in which a group of women work and a model for a carpentry factory, and models for other things that show pictures of human activity in this house that indicate To the wealthy of property owners in this period, and they were provided with the traditional sufficiency in producing their demands, their followers, and those around them.
The remnants of the eleventh family age were not limited to wealthy models only, but differed by small models of clay that imitated the general planning of the homes of the people of the poor and middle classes, and these models appeared since the ancient state and continued during the first transition era and then completed its components at the beginning of the middle state, and Flinders suggested I call it the ka house (K3).
The model of poor houses was a walled courtyard with a low mud fence, and at the rear there is a domed hut with roofs built with mud plaster.
References:
1. Dominic Fallel, People and Life in Ancient Egypt, translation: Maher Jweijani, review: Zakia Tabuzadeh, Dar Al-Fikr for Studies, Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, 1989.
2. Ramadan Abdo Ali, the Civilization of Ancient Egypt from the earliest times to the end of the National Dynasties, Supreme Council of Antiquities Press, Cairo, 2004.
3. Salim Hassan, Ancient Egypt, in the prehistoric era until the end of the Ahnazi period, Egyptian General Book Organization press, Cairo, 1993.
4. Sayed Tawfiq, History of Art in the Ancient Near East (Egypt and Iraq), Arab Renaissance House, Cairo, 1987